How to cite a unpublished audio

Bluebook (22d ed.) citation format, B18 / R18.8.3.

Bluebook (22d ed.) citation format for a unpublished audio, governed by B18 / R18.8.3. Worked example, required elements, and the rules that apply.

Voice memos, voicemail and other recordings that were never released.

Example

Voice memo, at 00:54, Jacob A. Sarasin, Legal Observer, Nat’l Laws. Guild (recorded Apr. 17, 2024, at 08:02 ET) (on file with author).

Governing rules

B18 / R18.8.3

• 18 — the internet, electronic media & other nonprint resources.
• 18.8.3 — unpublished audio recordings.

Required elements

• On file with

Optional elements

• Nature of the recording
• Speaker / creator
• Time stamp
• Date
• Time

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