How to cite a text, voice or video message

Bluebook (22d ed.) citation format, B18 / R18.10.2.

Bluebook (22d ed.) citation format for a text, voice or video message, governed by B18 / R18.10.2. Worked example, required elements, and the rules that apply.

Example

Statement by Cain Marko, video call between Victor Creed, Raven Darkholme & Erik Lehnsherr et al., Zoom (Jan. 30, 2024) (on file with the author).

Governing rules

B18 / R18.10.2

• 18 — the internet, electronic media & other nonprint resources.
• 18.10.2 — communication services.

Required elements

• Platform
• Date
• On file with

Optional elements

• Kind
• Sender (text)
• Recipient (text)
• Group name (text)
• Group members
• Speaker (call)
• Participants (call)
• Time stamp
• Time

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